Fungi-bacteria composite microecologics and methods for preparing and using the same

ABSTRACT

A fungi-bacteria composite microecologies, including: ester-degrading fungi including  Trichoderma  sp. LW-1 which has been deposited in China Center for Type Culture Collection (CCTCC) with an accession number: CCTCC NO. M2014176 and  Aspergillus  sp. HD-2 which has been deposited in CCTCC with an accession number: CCTCC NO. M2014175; an alkene-degrading fungus including  Ophiostoma  sp. LLC which has been deposited in CCTCC with an accession number CCTCC NO. M2014531; a BTEX-degrading bacterium including  Zoogloea  sp. HJ1 which has been deposited in CCTCC with an accession number: CCTCC NO. M2012235; and a chlorinated hydrocarbon-degrading bacterium including  Pandoraea  sp. FLX-1 which has been deposited in CCTCC with an accession number: CCTCC NO. M2011242.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

Pursuant to 35 U.S.C. §119 and the Paris Convention Treaty, this application claims the benefit of Chinese Patent Application No. 201410813739.4 tiled Dec. 24, 2014, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. Inquiries from the public to applicants or assignees concerning this document or the related applications should be directed to: Matthias Scholl P. C., Attn.: Dr. Matthias Scholl Esq., 245 First Street, 18th Floor, Cambridge, Mass. 02142.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The invention relates to a fun bacteria composite microecologies and methods for preparing and using the same.

2. Description of the Related Art

A typical process for treating organic waste gas by a fungi-bacteria composite biological system adopts gas feeding at high concentration and low flow rate and domestication by circulating fluid at a low flow rate. However, as the fungi-bacteria composite biological system is gradually formed in the domestication process, components and contents of the fungi-bacteria system are different subject to treating conditions, and the formed biological system cannot be reused or commercialized.

A typical composite microecologies includes: bacillus, pseudomonas, alcaligenes, aspergillus, and yeast. The composite microecologies is adapted to treat a high concentrated organic wastewater including toxic ingredients having large molecular and being difficult to be degraded and a high ammonia wastewater. However, the selection of strains is blind, and the strain source is indefinite. The conventional preparation process of the fungi-bacteria composite microecologies neglects differences in cultivation systems and pH values of the fungi and the bacteria. The composite microecologies are formed by mechanically mixing the separate solid state fermentation substances of the fungi and the bacteria. Actually, the composite microecologies has small number of live fungi/bacteria and activities thereof are not high.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In view of the above-described problems, it is one objective of the invention to provide a fungi-bacteria composite microecologies, a method for preparing the same, and a method for applying the same. The fungi-bacteria composite microecologies has simple preparation process, low preparation cost, convenient use, small volume for transportation whereby realizing industrialization, and is adapted to keep activity after long time storage.

To achieve the above objective, in accordance with one embodiment of the invention, there is provided a fungi-bacteria composite microecologies. The fungi-bacteria composite microecologies comprises: ester-degrading fungi comprising Trichoderma sp. LW-1 which has been deposited in China Center for Type Culture Collection (CCTCC) with an accession number: CCTCC NO. M2014176 and has a DNA sequence represented by SEQ. ID. NO. 1 and Aspergillus sp. HD-2 which has been deposited in CCTCC with an accession number: CCTCC NO. M2014175 and has a DNA sequence represented by SEQ. ID. NO. 2; an Acme-degrading fungus comprising Ophiostoma sp. LLC which has been deposited in CCTCC with an accession number CCTCC NO. M2014531 and has a DNA sequence represented by SEQ. ID. NO. 3; a BTEX-degrading bacterium comprising Zoogloea sp. HP which has been deposited in CCTCC with an accession number: CCTCC NO. M2012235 and has a DNA sequence represented by SEQ. ID. NO. 4; and a chlorinated hydrocarbon-degrading bacterium comprising Pandaraea sp. FLX-1 which has been deposited in CCTCC with an accession number: CCTCC NO. M2011242 and has a DNA sequence represented by SEQ. ID. NO. 5. Both Zoogloea sp. HJ1 and Pandoraea sp. FLX-1 are bacteria. Ophiostoma sp. LLC, Trichoderma sp. LW-1, and Aspergillus sp. 11.D-2 are fungi. The above fungi/bacteria are adapted to decompose different kinds of pollutants, the strains have a broad substrate range, and the growth of microbes do not affect one another, so that the composite microecologies is capable of degrading waste gas containing a plurality of volatile organic compounds (VOCs).

In a class of this embodiment, the composite microecologies is in the form of a solid powder, and a number of live bacteria/fungi per gram of the composite microecologies reaches between 10⁸ and 10⁹. The solid powder is convenient for transportation, a large number of the microbes exist in per gram of the solid power, thereby decreasing the dosage in practical use.

In accordance with one embodiment of the invention, there is provided a method for preparing the fungi-bacteria composite microecologies, and the method comprises:

-   -   1) inoculating liquid culture media containing inorganic salts         using seed culture tube slants of Zoogloea sp. HJ1 and Pandoraea         sp. FLX-1, respectively, for activation, in which, toluene and         dichloromethane are provided as sole carbon sources,         respectively; and conducting high-density fermentation in         fermenters after activation;     -   2) inoculating a potato dextrose agar (PDA) culture medium using         a seed culture plate of Ophiostoma sp. for activation,         conducting high-density fermentation in a fermenter, in which,         α-pinene is provided as a sole carbon source;     -   3) mixing strains obtained from the high-density fermentations         of 1) and 2), sterilizing a solid-state fermentation (SSF)         culture medium, inoculating the SSP culture medium with mixed         strains for solid-state fermentation, controlling a fermentation         temperature of between 30 and 40° C. and a fermentation time of         between 24 and 60 hrs;     -   4) vacuum drying a product obtained from the solid-state         fermentation of 3), controlling a drying temperature at 40° C.         and a drying time at between 24 and 48 hrs; and grinding a         resulting product into a powder after drying;     -   5) inoculating PDA culture media with seed culture plates of         Aspergillus sp. HD-2 and Trichoderma sp. LW-1 for activation,         respectively; inoculating an improved Czapek Dox culture plate         containing butyl acetate and an improved Czapek Dox culture         plate containing ethyl acetate with activated Aspergillus sp.         HD-2 and Trichoderma sp., respectively, and acquiring a large         amounts of spores respectively from the Czapek Dox culture         plates after between 3 and 5 d cultivation; and     -   6) evenly mixing the powder obtained from 4) and the spores         obtained from 5) at a weight ratio of (3-5):1, whereby obtaining         a composite microecologies. In the above process, different         strains are cultivated in particular cultivation systems, and         the drying time and drying temperature are reasonably         controlled, whereby acquisition of a large amount of strains and         the activities thereof are ensured. The fungal spores and the         solid state fermentation powder are mixed, so that the separate         degradation activities of the fungi and the bacteria are kept to         the maximum extent.

In a class of this embodiment, the liquid culture medium containing inorganic salts and culture media in the fermenters of 1) comprise: 0.376 g/L of KH₂PO₄, 0.456 g/L of K₂HPO₄, 0.48 g/L, of (NH₄)₂SO₄, 0.68 g/L of NaNO₃, 0.25 g/L of Mg(NO₃)₂, 0.011 g/L of CaCl₂.2H₂O, trace elements (0.06 g/L of MnCl₂.H₂O, 0.088 g/L of ZnCl₂, 0.01 g/L of KI, 0.1 g/L of NaMoO₂.2H₂O, and 0.05 g/L of H₃BO₃, and pH values thereof are between 7.0 and 7.2. The liquid culture medium containing the inorganic salts and the culture media in the fermenters are performed with moist heat sterilization at a temperature of 121° C. for between 30 and 40 min. Toluene and dichloromethane are supplied for Zoogloea sp. HJ1 and Pandoraea sp. FLX-1 as the carbon sources in activation and high-density fermentation, respectively. Temperatures for the activation and fermentation cultivation of strains in 1) are controlled at between 30 and 35° C. and dissolved oxygen contents are controlled at between 2 and 3 mg/L. The above technical parameters enable the cultivation systems and cultivation environments to be suitable for growth of the bacteria, so that a large amount of bacteria are acquired in a relatively short period.

In a class of this embodiment, the PDA culture medium in 2) comprises: 200 g/L of a potato, 20 g/L of glucose (or sucrose), and 20 g/L of an agar, and a pH value thereof is 6.5. A culture medium in the fermenter in 2) comprises: 2.0 g/L of NH₄Cl, 0.47 g/L of Na₂HPO₄, 0.45 g/L of KH₂PO₄, 0.5 g/L of MgSO₄, 0.01 g/L of anhydrous CaCl₂, and trace elements (0.001 g/L of Mn²⁺, Fe²⁺, Cu²⁺, and Zn²⁺, respectively), a pH value thereof is between 4.2 and 4.6, and a carbon source thereof is u-pinene. Both the PDA culture medium and the culture medium of the fermenter in 2) are performed with moist heat sterilization at a temperature of 121° C. for between 30 and 40 min. The activation and the fermentation cultivation of Ophiostoma sp. LLC 2) are conducted at temperatures of between 30 and 35° C. A dissolved oxygen concentration during the fermentation cultivation is controlled at between 2 and 3 m/L. The above technical parameters enable the cultivation systems and cultivation environments to be suitable for growth of the fungi, so that a large amount of the fungi are acquired in a relatively short period.

In a class of this embodiment, the SSF culture medium of step 3) comprises a solid state composite comprising between 45 and 50 wt. % of a wheat bran, between 25 and 30 wt. % of a sawdust, and between 25 and 30 wt. % of and a powdered activated carbon. An aqueous solution having a volume of between 1 and 2 times of that of the solid state composite is added to yield a mixture. The aqueous solution comprises: 20 g/L of a yeast extract, 20 g/L of a potato, and 5 g/L of NaCl. A pH value of the mixture is regulated to be between 6.8 and 7.2. The mixture is conducted with moist heat sterilization at a temperature of 121° C. for between 30 and 40 min and then cooled to obtain the SSF culture medium. The SSF culture medium is capable of acquiring a relative large quantity of biomass within a relatively short period, besides, a large quantity of the biomass is absorbed per unit volume.

In a class of this embodiment, an inoculum of the mixed strains in 3) is between 5 and 20%. Thus, the inoculation microbes grow well in the cultivation system.

In a class of this embodiment, in step 5), the improved Czapek Dox culture plates comprises: 3g/L of NaNO₃, 0.5 g/L, of MgSO₄, 0.5 g/L, of KCl, 0.01 g/L of FeSO₄, and 20 g of an agar, and pH values thereof is between 6.0 and 6.5. Butyl acetate and ethyl acetate are supplied as carbon sources for Aspergillus sp. HD-2 and Trichoderma sp. LW-1, respectively. The improved Czapek Dox culture plates are conducted with moist heat sterilization at a temperature of 121° C. for between 30 and 40 min. Thus, the cultivated microbes have relatively good degradation capability on butyl acetate and ethyl acetate.

In a class of this embodiment, the composite microecologies obtained from 6) is in a solid powder state and is adapted to maintain viabilities thereof after preservation at room temperature or a temperature of 4° C. for more than 45 d. Thus, the degradation activity of the composite microecologies is well kept.

In accordance with one embodiment of the invention, there is provided a method for treating waste gas comprising chlorinated hydrocarbons, alkenes, aromatic hydrocarbons, and esters comprising applying the fungi-bacteria composite microecologies. The fungi-bacteria composite mieroecologics is directly added to an inoculation sludge in a reactor. An addition of the fungi-bacteria composite microecologies in controlled to be between 0.5 and 2 kg per cubic meter of a filler. When the above composite microecologies is added, the time for initiating the reactor is obviously shortened, and the fungi and bacteria symbiotics is formed, thereby accelerating the formation of the biofilm.

Advantages according to embodiments of the invention are summarized as follows:

The composite microecologies of the invention adopts bacteria and fungi possessing particular VOCs degradation activities and is adapted to effectively overcome shortages of the conventional reactor inoculated with activated sludge. Not only is the number of the fungi bacteria possessing high degradation activities per unit volume significantly improved and the initiating time of the reactor shortened, but also advantages of the fungi and bacteria are presented, and the composite microecologies has improved adaptability on the environment and great development potential and application prospect in engineering practice of the purification of the waste gas.

The method for preparing the fungi-bacteria composite microecologies of the invention simple process, low price of the raw materials. Each volume unit of the prepared composite microecologies contains a large number of live microbes and has high degradation activity. The composite microecologies is capable of recovering the degradation activity in a short period after low temperature storage and is applicable for biological purification of the industrial waste gas. A fungi-bacteria symbiotic system is formed during the application process, and separate characters of the two types of microbes are ensured.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The invention is described hereinbelow with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 is a flow chart of a method for preparing a fungi-bacteria composite microecologies according to one embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 2A shows a test result of degradation activity stability of a fungi-bacteria composite microecologies after 48 hrs cultivation according to one embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 2B shows a test result of degradation activity stability of a fungi-bacteria composite microecologies after 72 hrs cultivation according to one embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 3 shows removal efficiencies of different waste gases by waste purification devices initiated by a domesticated activated sludge mixed with a fungi-bacteria composite microecologies; and

FIG. 4 shows removal efficiencies of different waste gases by waste purification devices initiated only by a domesticated activated sludge.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS

For further illustrating the invention, experiments detailing a fungi-bacteria composite microecologies and methods for preparing and using the same are described below. It should be noted that the following examples are intended to describe and not to limit the invention.

EXAMPLE 1 Preparation of Fungi-Bacteria Composite Microecologies

Microbes related in the invention are all deposited in China Center fur Type Culture Collection (CCTCC), Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China. The microbes are as follows:

-   -   ethyl acetate-degrading fungus Trichoderma sp. LW-1, accession         number for the deposit: CCTCC NO. M2014176, date of the deposit:         May 9, 2014;     -   butyl acetate-degrading fungus Aspergillus sp. HD-2, accession         number for the deposit: CCTCC NO. M2014175, date of the deposit:         May 9, 2014;     -   α-pinene-degrading fungus Ophiostoma sp. LLC, accession number         for the deposit: CCTCC NO. M2014531, date of the deposit: Nov.         5, 2014;     -   toluene-degrading bacterium Zoogloea sp. HJ1, accession number         for he deposit: CCTCC NO. M2012235, date of the deposit: Jun.         21, 2012, disclosed in Chinese patent application number         201310281412.2; and     -   dichloromethane-degrading bacterium Pandoraea sp. FLX-1,         accession number for the deposit: CCTCC NO. M2011242, date of         the deposit: Jul. 14, 2011, disclosed in Chinese patent         application number 201110370070.2.

Separation, purification, and identification of Ophiostoma sp. LLC are as follows:

A biofilm is collected from an a-pinene-treating biofilter and placed in an culture medium containing inorganic salts fix cultivation. A concentration of α-pinene is gradually increased within a range of between 50 and 200 mg/L. When the concentration of a-pinene decreases, 200 mL of a mixed solution is smeared on a solid state culture medium containing inorganic salts containing a-pinene as a sole carbon source and is continuously streaked for separation, so that a purified strain is finally obtained. The purified strain is inoculated on a slant culture medium and the slant culture medium is then stored in a refrigerator at a temperature of 4° C.

PCR amplification of a genomic DNA of the above purified strain is conducted using universal primers of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of fungi to obtain a target DNA fragment. The sequence of the target DNA fragment is compared with genomic sequence from NCBI database, which indicates that the purified strain and the strain Ophiostoma stenoceras have 100% sequence homology. Clustal. X2. 0 and MEGA 4.0 (1000 times sampling analyses) are adopted to construct a phylogenetic tree. From genetic distance and ITS sequence comparison, the purified strain is identified as Ophiostoma sp. and is denominated as LLC.

Separation, purification, and identification of Aspergillus sp. HD-2 are as follows:

A sludge from a wastewater treatment plant is air-aerated for three days. 50 mL of a supernatant is then collected and centrifuged, and a deposited sludge is added to a brine bottle containing 50 mL of a liquid culture medium containing inorganic salts which is previously sterilized at a temperature of 110° C. for 40 min, and antibiotics (0.001 g of streptomycin and gentainicin) is added. After a bottle plug is inserted, 5 μL of butyl acetate (a concentration of which is approximately 88 mg/L) is added. The brine bottle is placed on a shaking table and is cultivated at a temperature of 30° C. and at a rotational speed of 160 rpm. The concentration of butyl acetate is then gradually increased. When butyl acetate is obviously degraded, 2 mL of a mixed strain solution is collected and smeared on a Czapek Dox culture medium. In the absence of the carbon source. A filter paper having a diameter of 1 cm is placed on a central position of a cover of a petri dish, and 5 μL of butyl acetate is dropped on the filter paper. The mixed strain solution is continuously streaked for separation, and a purified strain is obtained. A PDA slant medium is inoculated with the purified strain and then stored in a refrigerator at a temperature of 4° C.

PCR amplification of a genomic DNA of the purified strain is conducted by universal primers of ITS of fungi to obtain a target DNA fragment. The sequence of the target DNA fragment is compared with the genomic sequence from NCBI database, which indicates that the ITS sequence of the purified strain and the ITS sequence of strain Aspergillus fumigatus have 100% sequence homology. Thereafter, Clustal X2. 0 and MEGA 4.0 (1000 times sampling analyses) are adopted to construct the phylogenetic tree. From genetic distance and ITS sequence comparison, the purified strain is identified as Aspergillus fumigatus, and is denominated as HD-2.

Separation, purification and identification of Trichoderma sp. LW-1 are as follows:

An activated sludge is collected from an aeration tank of a wastewater treatment plant. The activated sludge is washed by a tap water for five times and air-aerated for 48 hrs for the purpose of removing organic compound residue as much as possible. After that, an inorganic culture solution is prepared, and ethyl acetate is used as the sole carbon source for domestication of the activated sludge. The inorganic culture solution is replaced with fresh one every 3 d, and after 40 d of domestication, separation can be performed. 50 mL of a supernatant is collected from a domestication bottle and is centrifuged, a deposited sludge is then collected and added to a brine bottle containing 50 mL of a sterilized culture medium containing inorganic salts, and antibiotics are added. After that, a bottle plug is inserted, and ethyl acetate is added (a concentration of which is 50 mg/L). The brine bottle is placed on the shaking table at the temperature of 30° C. and the rotational speed of 160 rpm. The concentration of ethyl acetate is gradually increased, and when obvious degradation of ethyl acetate occurs, 2 mL of a mixed strain solution is smeared on a solid state culture medium containing inorganic salts containing ethyl acetate and continuously streaked for separation, whereby a purified strain is finally obtained. A PDA slant culture medium is inoculated with the purified strain and is stored at the refrigerator at the temperature of 4° C.

Based on the homology of ITS sequence, Clustal X2. 0 and MEGA 4.0 (1000 times sampling analyses) are adopted to construct the phylogenetic tree. From genetic distance and ITS sequence comparison, the purified strain is identified as Trichoderma viride. It is indicated from Biolog FF rnicroplate that the strain has a relative good conformity degree with Trichoderma viride SIM index within the system, which indicates that the separated strain LW-1 belongs to Trichoderma viride.

As shown in FIG. 1, preparation of a fungi-bacteria composite microecologies is specifically as follows:

1) Activation of Strains

Inorganic liquid media are inoculated from seed culture tube slants of Zoogloea sp. HJ1 and Pandoraea sp. FLX-I, respectively, for activation. The liquid culture media containing inorganic salts comprise: 0.376 g/L of KH₂PO₄, 0.456 g/L of K₂HPO₄, 0.48 g/L of (NH₄)₂SO₄, 0.68 of NaNO₃, 0.25 g/L of Mg(NO₃)₂, 0.011 g/L of CaCl₂.2H₂O, trace elements (0.06 g/L of MnCl₂.H₂O, 0.088 g/L of ZnCl₂, 0.01 g/L of KI, 0.1 g/L of NaMoO₄.2H₂O, and 0.05 g/L of H₃BO₃). pH values of the liquid culture media are regulated to be 7.0. Both the culture media are conducted with moister heat sterilization at a temperature of 121° C. for between 30 and 40 min. The culture media are then cooled and inoculated with the strains. Zoogloea sp. HJ1 and Pandoraea sp. FLX-1 are supplied with toluene and dichloromethane as sole carbon sources, respectively, and cultivated on a shaking table at a temperature of 32° C. After 5 d cultivation, inoculation solutions are obtained.

PDA culture media are inoculated with seed culture plates of Ophiostoma sp. LLC, Aspergillus sp. HD-2, and Trichoderma sp. LW-1 respectively, for activation. The PDA culture media comprise: 200 g/L of a potato, 20 g/L of glucose (or sucrose), and 20 g/L of an agar. pH values of the PDA culture media are regulated to be 6.5. The PDA culture media are performed with moist heat sterilization at the temperature of 121° C. for between 30 and 40 min. After the PDA culture media are cooled, the strains are respectively smeared on the solid culture medium plates and cultivated at the temperature of 32° C. Inoculums are obtained after 5 d cultivation.

2) Acquisition of Strains

The inoculation solutions of strains Zoogloea sp. HJ1 and Pandoraea sp. FLX-1 after activation are inoculated in fermenters containing liquid culture media containing inorganic salts for conducting high-density cultivation. Toluene and dichloromethane are continuously fed as the sole carbon sources, respectively. The temperature, the pH value, and the dissolved oxygen concentration are monitored on line and are controlled at 32° C., 7.0, and between 2 and 3 mg/L, respectively. A large amount of strains are acquired after 3 d cultivation and then centrifuged for accumulation.

The activated strain Ophiostoma sp. LLC is inoculated in a fermenter containing a liquid culture medium containing inorganic salts for high-density fermentation. α-pinene is continuously fed into the fermenter as the carbon source. The liquid culture medium containing inorganic salts comprises: 2.0 g/L of NH₄Cl, 0.47 g/L of Na₂HPO₄, 0.45 g/L of KH₂PO₄, 0.5 g/L of MgSO₄, 0.01 g/L of anhydrous CaCl₂, and trace elements (0.001 g/L of Mn²⁺, Fe²⁺, Cu²⁺, and Zn²⁺, respectively). The temperature, the pH value, and the dissolved oxygen concentration are monitored on line and are controlled at 32° C., 4.4, and between 2 and 3 mg/L respectively. A large amount of mycelia are acquired after 3 d cultivation and then centrifuged for accumulation.

The inoculation solutions of Aspergillus sp. HID-2 and Trichoderma sp. LW-1 after activation are inoculated on improved Czapek Dox culture plates for high-density cultivation. Butyl acetate and ethyl acetate are supplied as the carbon sources, respectively. The improved Czapek Dox culture plates comprise: 3 g/L of NaNO₃, 0.5 g/L of MgSO₄, 0.5 g/L of KCl, 0.01 g/L of FeSO₄, and 20 g of the agar. pH values of the improved Czapek Dox culture plates are 6.0. The improved Czapek Dox culture plates are placed in an incubator for cultivation at the temperature of between 30 and 35° C. After 5 d cultivation, a large amount of spores are obtained from the plates, respectively.

3) Preparation of Composite Microecologies

Strains of Zoogloea sp. HJ1, Pandoraea sp. FLX-1, and Ophiostoma sp. LLC obtained from high-density fermentation are evenly mixed and then inoculated on a SSF culture medium for solid state fermentation. The fermentation temperature is 35° C., and the fermentation time is 40 hrs. The SSF culture medium in 3) comprises a solid state composite comprising between 45 and 50 wt. % of a wheat bran, between 25 and 30 wt. % of a sawdust, and between 2.5 and 30 wt. % of and a powdered activated carbon. An aqueous solution having a volume of between 1 and 2 times of that of the solid state composite is added to the solid state composite to yield a mixture. The aqueous solution comprises: 20 g/L of a yeast extract, 20 g/L of a potato, and 5 g/L of NaCl. A pH value of the mixture is regulated to be between 6.8 and 7.2. The mixture is conducted with moist heat sterilization at the temperature of 121° C. for between 30 and 40 min and then cooled to obtain the SSF culture medium, which is then inoculated with a strain suspension for cultivation.

A product obtained from the solid state fermentation is vacuum dried at a drying temperature of 40° C. for 24 hrs, and is further ground to yield a powder. The powder is then mixed with spores of Aspergillus sp. HD-2 and Trichoderma sp. LW-1 at a weight ratio of 4:1,

EXAMPLE 2 Performance Measurement of the Fungi-Bacteria Composite Microecologies

The constructed fungi-bacteria composite microecologies are performed with biomass and degradation activity stability tests. The method for testing the biomass is specifically conducted as follows: 1 g of composite microecologies is inoculated on a sterilized LB solid culture medium and cultivated at the temperature of 30° C. for 24 hrs, and the cell number of the bacteria is then measured; and 1 g of composite microecologies is inoculated on a sterilized PDA solid culture medium and cultivated at the temperature of 35° C. for 48 hrs, and the weight of the fungi is then measured. The measurement of the cell number of the bacteria adopts dilution smear, that is, conducting gradient dilution before counting the number of colonies. The measurement of the fungi biomass adopts dry weight method, that is, mycelia are scrapped from the PDA culture medium and dried at the temperature of 80° C. before weighing. The LB solid culture medium comprises: 10 g/L of a tryptone, 5 g/L of a yeast extract, 10 g/L of NaCl, and 15 g/L of the agar, and a pH value of the LB solid culture medium is 7.2. The PDA culture medium comprises: 200 g/L, of a potato, 20 of glucose (or sucrose), and 20 of the agar, and a pH value thereof is 6.5.

It is indicated from the results that the number of effective live colonies on the LB plate (diluted to 10⁻⁶) after 24 hrs cultivation is 298; and the number of the effect by live colonies on the LB plate (diluted to 10⁻⁷) after 48 hrs is 31. After conversion, the composite microecologies contains 6.08×10⁸ live bacteria per gram of a dried composite microecologies. An effective weight increase of the PDA plate is 0.057 g after 24 hrs cultivation and 0.248 g after 48 hrs cultivation. After conversion, the composite microecologies contains 0.4296 g of fungi per gram of the dried composite microecologies.

The degradation activity stability test is conducted as follows: 2 g of the fungi-bacteria composite microecologies after 0 h, 1 d, 5 d, 15 d, 30 d, and 45 d storage in the 4° C. refrigerator are inoculated to sterilized liquid culture media containing inorganic salts, respectively. The liquid culture media are added with a-pinene, ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, toluene, and dichloromethane to enable concentrations thereof reach 50 mg/L respectively. After that, the culture media are sealed and shaking cultivated, and removal efficiencies of each pollutant are measured after 48 hrs and 72 hrs, respectively.

It is known from results shown in FIGS. 2A-2B, after 48 hrs cultivation, a large amount of fungi/bacteria grow in the cultivation solutions that have been stored in the refrigerator for 0 h, 1 d, and 5 d. It is indicated by the degradation activity test that the composite microecologies has certain removal effects on the five pollutants. Removal effects (85% in average) on α-pinene, ethyl acetate, and butyl acetate are relatively good, while the removal effects (approximately 60%) on toluene and dichloromethane are relatively low. The composite rnicroecologics that are stored for a relatively long period do not present too strong of the degradation performance after 48 hrs cultivation, and the removal efficiency of the five pollutants are only between 10% and 20% After 72 hrs cultivation, the composite microecologics that have been stored for 15 d, 30 d, and 45 d grow in good conditions in the cultivation solution, and the removal efficiency of the five pollutants obviously increases, removal efficiencies of α-pinene, ethyl acetate, and ethyl propionate are higher than 80%, and removal efficiencies of toluene and dichloromethane are higher than 50%. Thus, the constructed fungi-bacteria composite microecologics possesses relatively good degradation activity at low temperature, and the longer period the preservation time is, the longer period it quires to recover the degradation activity thereof.

Example 3 Fungi-Bacteria Composite Microecologies

Fungi-bacteria composite microecologies is added with 1.5 kg of the fungi-bacteria composite microecologies per cubic meter of a filler, and a certain amount of domesticated activated sludge is added to inoculate and initiate a reactor. Meanwhile, the domesticated activated sludge is used as a control group. α-pinene, butyl acetate, ethyl acetate, toluene, and dichloromethane are supplied as waste gas sources, concentrations of the waste gases are controlled at 50 mg/m³, and a retention time thereof is 45 s.

As illustrated in FIGS. 3-4, it is know that for the reactor initiated by the sludge mixed with the composite microecologies, removal efficiencies of ethyl acetate and butyl acetate after 3 d reach 85% above and remain stable, the removal efficiency of u-pinene after 4 d reaches 85% above and remains stable, the removal efficiency of toluene after 6 d reaches 75% above, and the removal efficiency of dichloromethane reaches 70% above after 8 d and remains stable. Besides, a biofilm is apparently formed on a surface of the finer, which indicates that the biofilm formation is basically successful. For the reactor inoculated only by the activated sludge, the removal efficiencies of pollutants are very slow, and the removal efficiencies of a-pinene, ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, toluene, and dichloromethane after 20 d are maintained at 80%, 85%, 85%, 65%, and 50%, which indicates the biofilm is basically formed. Thus, the bioreactor inoculated with the domesticated activated sludge mixed with the composite icroecologics is adapted to obviously shorten the time for biofilm formation, and the removal efficiencies of different pollutants thereof are higher than the reactor inoculated only by activated sludge.

While particular embodiments of the invention have been shown and described, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that changes and modifications may be made without departing from the invention in its broader aspects, and therefore, the aim in the appended claims is to cover all such changes and modifications as fall within the true spirit and scope of the invention. 

The invention claimed is:
 1. A fungi-bacteria composite microecologies, comprising: a) ester-degrading fungi comprising Trichoderma sp. LW-1 which has been deposited in China Center for Type Culture Collection (CCTCC) with an accession number: CCTCC NO. M2014176 and has a DNA sequence represented by SEQ. ID. NO. 1 and Aspergillus sp. HD-2 which has been deposited in CCTCC with an accession number: CCTCC NO. M2014175 and has a DNA sequence represented by SEQ. ID. NO. 2; b) an alkene-degrading fungus comprising Ophiostoma sp. LLC which has been deposited in CCTCC with an accession number CCTCC NO. M2014531 and has a DNA sequence represented by SEQ. ID. NO. 3; c) a BTEX-degrading bacterium comprising Zoogloea sp. HJ1 which has been deposited in CCTCC with an accession number: CCTCC NO. M2012235 and has a DNA sequence represented by SEQ. ID. NO. 4; and d) a chlorinated hydrocarbon-degrading bacterium comprising Pandoraea sp. FIX-1 which has been deposited in CCTCC with an accession number: CCTCC NO. M2011242 and has a DNA sequence represented by SEQ. ID. NO. 5; wherein both Zoogloea sp. HJ1 and Pandoraea sp. FLX-1 are bacteria; and Ophiostoma sp. LLC, Trichoderma sp. LW-1, and Aspergillus sp. HD-2 are fungi.
 2. The composite microecologies of claim 1, wherein the composite microecologies is in the form of a solid powder, and a number of live bacteria/fungi per gram of the composite microecologies reaches between 10⁸ and 10⁹.
 3. A method for preparing the fungi-bacteria composite microecologies of claim 1, the method comprising: 1) inoculating liquid culture media containing inorganic salts using seed culture tube slants of Zoogloea sp. HJ1 and Pandoraea sp. FLX-1, respectively, for activation, in which, toluene and dichloromethane are provided as sole carbon sources, respectively; and conducting high-density fermentation in fermenters after activation; 2) inoculating a potato dextrose agar (PDA) culture medium using a seed culture plate of Ophiostoma sp. LLC for activation, conducting high-density fermentation in a fermenter, in which, α-pinene is provided as a sole carbon source; 3) mixings strains obtained from the high-density fermentations of 1) and 2), sterilizing a solid-state fermentation (SSF) culture medium, inoculating the SSF culture medium with mixed strains for solid-state fermentation, controlling a fermentation temperature of between 30 and 40° C. and a fermentation time of between 24 and 60 hrs; 4) vacuum drying a product obtained from the solid-state fermentation of 3), controlling a drying temperature at 40° C. and a drying time at between 24 and 48 hrs; and grinding a resulting product into a powder after drying; 5) inoculating PDA culture media with seed culture plates of Aspergillus sp. HD-2 and Trichoderma sp. LW-1 for activation, respectively; inoculating an improved Czapek Dox culture plate containing butyl acetate and an improved Czapek Dox culture plate containing ethyl acetate with activated Aspergillus sp. HD-2 and Trichoderma sp. LW-1, respectively, and acquiring a large amounts of spores respectively from the Czapek Dox culture plates after between 3 and 5 d cultivation; and 6) evenly mixing the powder obtained from 4) and the spores obtained from 5) at a weight ratio of (3-5):1, whereby obtaining a composite microecologies.
 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the liquid culture medium containing inorganic salts and culture media in the fermenters of 1) comprise: 0.376 g/L of KH₂PO₄, 0,456 g/L of K₂HPO₄, 0.48 g/L of (NH₄)₂SO₄, 0.68 g/L of NaNO₃, 0.25 g/L of Mg(NO₃)₂, 0.011 g/L of CaCl₂.2H₂O, trace elements (0.06 g/L of MnCl₂.H₂O, 0.088 g/L of ZnCL₂, 0.01 g/L of KI, 0.1 g/l of NaMoO₄.2H₂O, and 0.05 g/I, of H₃BO₃, and pH values thereof are between 7.0 and 7.2; the liquid culture medium containing the inorganic salts and the culture media in the fermenters are performed with moist heat sterilization at a temperature of 121° C. for between 30 and 40 min; toluene and dichloromethane are supplied for Zoogloea sp. HJ1 and Pandoraea sp. FLX-1 as the carbon sources in activation and high-density fermentation, respectively; and temperatures for the activation and fermentation cultivation of strains in 1) are controlled at between 30 and 35° C. and dissolved oxygen contents are controlled at between 2 and 3 mg/L.
 5. The method of claim 3, wherein the PDA culture medium in 2) comprises: 200 g/L of a potato, 20 g/L of glucose (or sucrose), and 20 g/L of an agar, and a pH value thereof is 6.5; a culture medium in the fermenter in 2) comprises: 2.0 g/L of NH₄Cl, 0.47 g/L of Na₂HPO₄, 0.45 g/L of KH₂PO₄, 0.5 g/L of MgSO₄, 0.01 g/L of anhydrous CaCl₂, and trace elements (0.001 g/L of Mn²⁺, Fe²⁺, Cu²⁺, and Zn²⁺, respectively), a pH value thereof is between 4.2 and 4.6, and a carbon source thereof is α-pinene; both the PDA culture medium and the culture medium of the fermenter in 2) are performed with moist heat sterilization at a temperature of 121° C. for between 30 and 40 min; the activation and the fermentation cultivation of Ophiostoma sp. LLC 2) are conducted at temperatures of between 30 and 35° C.; and a dissolved oxygen concentration during the fermentation cultivation is controlled at between 2 and 3 mg/L.
 6. The method of claim 3, wherein the SSF culture medium of step 3) comprises a solid state composite comprising between 45 and 50 wt. of wheat bran, between 25and30wt. % of a sawdust, and between 25 and 30 wt. % of and a powdered activated carbon; an aqueous solution having a volume of between and 2 times of that of the solid state composite is added to yield a mixture; the aqueous solution comprises: 20 g/L of a yeast extract, 20 g/L of a potato, and 5 g/L, of NaCl; a pH value of the mixture is regulated to be between 6.8 and 7.2; and the mixture is conducted with moist heat sterilization at a temperature of 121° C. for between 30 and 40 mm and then cooled to obtain the SSF culture medium.
 7. The method of claim 3, wherein an inoculum of the mixed strains in 3) is between 5 and 20%.
 8. The method of claim 3, wherein in step 5), the improved Czapek Dox culture plates comprises: 3 g/L of NaNO₃, 0.5 g/L of MgSO₄, 0.5 g/L of KCl, 0.01 g/L of FeSO₄, and 20 g of an agar, and pH values thereof is between 6.0 and 6.5; butyl acetate and ethyl acetate are supplied as carbon sources for Aspergillus sp. HD-2 and Trichoderma sp. LW-1, respectively; and the improved Czapek Dox culture plates are conducted with moist heat sterilization at a temperature of 121° C. for between 30 and 40 min.
 9. The method of claim 3, wherein the composite microecologies Obtained from 6) is solid powder state and is adapted to maintain viabilities thereof after preservation on at room temperature or a temperature of 4° C. for more than 45 d.
 10. A method for treating waste gas comprising chlorinated hydrocarbons, alkenes, aromatic hydrocarbons, and esters, the method comprising applying the fungi-bacteria composite microeeologics of claim 1, wherein the fungi-bacteria composite microecologies is directly added to an inoculation sludge in a reactor; and an addition of the fungi-bacteria composite microecologies in controlled to be between 0.5 and 2 kg per cubic meter of a filler. 